Introduction

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), a Gram-positive spore bearing anaerobic bacterium is the major aetiological agent of diarrhoea and colitis associated with antibiotics.

C. difficile is the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhoea in developed countries and is a major source of nosocomial morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Disease due to C. difficile develops when the organism is allowed to proliferate in the colon, most commonly after antibiotic use has eliminated competing flora. C. difficile can release two high-molecular-weight toxins, toxin A and toxin B, which are responsible for the clinical manifestations, which range from mild, self-limited watery diarrhoea to fulminant pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, and death.